Cherchell · شرشال

2 connections · Read with Ismail (1989)

In Kabyle and Tamazight

how each name is written and said

Arabicشرشال Sharshālcomputer voiceProposed

Members record their own voices and other speakers check them. Until then a computer voice reads the name (Kabyle and Tamazight: Meta MMS, CC BY-NC 4.0; Arabic: your device's voice). These names are names like any other: they can be proposed, challenged and connected in the formula.

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Connections and origins

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DIol → Iol-CaesareaProposed

Punic name kept, Latin title “Caesarea” added.

new rulers · 25 BC · Add the formula

DCaesarea → SharshālProposed

Kaisareia → Sharshal: the s-r-s/sh-r-sh consonants survive, vowels and ending drop.

sound change · AD 700 · Add the formula

How a change is graded

Same soundsall the way, every step dated: highest
Near sounds(q → c, ḥ → h): each lowers it
Opposite sounds, deletions, favourites, a language in betweenlower it more: they make chance matches easy
A dated spellingfor both forms raises it

Grades come from rules, never votes. Members check each step's dates and sources.

Methods

Ismail (1989)defaultConsonants carry the root; vowels are not compared. Every change must be explained by a rule, cited to the book's section. Each near or opposite sound, deletion, favourite sound or language in between lowers the grade.
Attested spellingsEach step must be a spelling found in a dated source. The grade comes from the evidence for the two forms: an object (coin, inscription) is B, a dated document is C, anything else is D.
Koran nameslaterPlanned. The Koran's own spelling and its verses become the fixed test for how a Koran name was changed.

Each method has its own rules and gives its own grade. A step can pass under one and fail under another; both are shown.

Ismail (1989) · See all 39 rules

T. A. (Tahia Abdel Aziz) Ismail, Classic Arabic as the Ancestor of Indo-European Languages and Origin of Speech, Cairo 1989

same soundSame sound in both forms (the normal case)8.2, 8.15
near soundReplaced by a near sound (affinitive)8.1
opposite soundReplaced by its opposite sound (contrastive)8.1, 8.14
near soundOne sound goes one way in one language and another way in another8.4
language betweenExplained through a language in between8.16
favourite soundA favourite sound of the language replaces another9.1–9.2
echoOne sound copies another in the same word10.1
deletedA sound the language lost is deleted4.5
deletedDeleted to make the word more compact16.1
deletedThe whole syllable holding ʿayn is deleted8.23
movedA sound moved to a new place in the word (metathesis)16.1, 14.13
movedMoved to form a cluster the language allows14.2
deletedThe vowel stop (hamza) is deleted5.14
near soundThe vowel stop (hamza) becomes a consonant stop5.15
near soundHamza with s becomes x (rex ← raʾs)5.15
near soundq becomes c or k8.3, 8.7
opposite soundq becomes h8.3, 8.6
near soundq becomes g8.7
near soundḥ becomes h8.13
opposite soundḥ and w replace each other8.14
near soundkh becomes h, c, d or f8.13, 15.13
near soundʿayn becomes a vowel8.19
opposite soundʿayn becomes b, mostly where the word has r8.22
opposite soundʿayn becomes a stop (d, g, t, c)8.21
near soundghayn becomes a vowel, g or w8.24
near soundA back sound merges with its front pair (ṭ/t, ḍ/d, ṣ/s, ẓ/ð, q/k, ḥ/h)4.7, 20.26
near soundLetters of one written shape stand in for each other (b/t/th, j/ḥ/kh, d/dh, r/z, s/sh)4.3
favourite soundb becomes p (the Latin favourite)9.9
near soundb and m, both made with the lips15.15
near soundw becomes v in Latin9.12
opposite soundy becomes g5.24
near soundy becomes l5.25
near soundm becomes l9.3
near soundn becomes r where the word has another nasal12.5
near soundr and l replace each other9.13
movedThe final n (tanwīn) moves inside the word12.5
movedThe feminine t moves to the front or middle12.1
near soundA doubled consonant becomes a plain stop12.4
same soundThe article al- is kept, fused into the name11.18

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