Names and words

A dictionary of how names and words changed over time, and where they connect. Each connection shows its formula, sound by sound, and is graded by the rules of a method, never by votes.

Places and peoples

AlgeriaالجزائرCountry · 10 names · 1 connections EgyptمصرCountry · 10 names

Being discussed now

الجزائر became AlgérieProposed

Methods

Ismail (1989)defaultConsonants carry the root; vowels are not compared. Every change must be explained by a rule, cited to the book's section. Each near or opposite sound, deletion, favourite sound or language in between lowers the grade.
Attested spellingsEach step must be a spelling found in a dated source. The grade comes from the evidence for the two forms: an object (coin, inscription) is B, a dated document is C, anything else is D.
Koran nameslaterPlanned. The Koran's own spelling and its verses become the fixed test for how a Koran name was changed.

How a change is graded

Same soundsall the way, every step dated: highest
Near sounds(q → c, ḥ → h): each lowers it
Opposite sounds, deletions, favourites, a language in betweenlower it more: they make chance matches easy
A dated spellingfor both forms raises it

Grades come from rules, never votes. Members check each step's dates and sources.