Madaba Map - Palmer & Guthe colour copy (1906) of the 6th-century mosaic

What the text itself says, quoted as written. e.g. 20:39 quoted · every use of اليم counted

Manuscripts, inscriptions, coins, artefacts and sites — and images of them whose provenance (holder, reference, date, photographer) was recorded and checked. e.g. Coin of Juba II · Tipasa inscription

Chronicles, lexica, treaties, maps, reports and studies with a known author and date. e.g. Ibn Khaldun, 1377 · 1830 French map

Reasoning built on A–C. Always D, whatever it cites. e.g. “So the river must be…”

Images without provenance, undated or anonymous claims. Cannot support a finding. e.g. Screenshot with no source